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Cavendish (Musa AAA) dominates international trade due to its resistance to Panama disease Race 1 (which wiped out the previous dominant variety, Gros Michel, in the 1950s). The Cavendish is now itself threatened by Tropical Race 4 (TR4) — a virulent strain of Fusarium wilt — which has spread from Asia to Latin America and Africa. For wholesale buyers, this creates long-term supply risk that diversification to alternative varieties (Goldfinger, FHIA-01, Pisang Awak) may address in future. Plantain (cooking banana): major staple in West Africa and parts of Latin America; traded separately from dessert bananas; varieties include French Plantain and False Horn. Lady Finger (Musa AA): small, sweet, thin-skinned; niche premium market in Australia and specialty retail. Red banana (Dacca): consumed domestically in Asia and West Africa; limited export trade.

EU Commission Regulation 2257/94 defines minimum quality standards for fresh bananas. Class Extra and Class I require: minimum length 14 cm (measured along the outer curve), minimum grade (finger thickness) 27 mm diameter, finger free from defects affecting pulp, no abnormal curvature. Bunch or cluster presentation: bunches of ≥4 fingers, clusters (parts of bunch) of ≥3 fingers. Class II tolerances allow slight defects of skin not affecting pulp (scars, shallow scratches). Bananas cannot be imported from the EU-designated banned origins for specific Fusarium wilt quarantine measures. The EU applies a Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff of €114 per tonne on bananas from non-ACP and non-GSP beneficiary origins.

Bananas are harvested green at approximately 75–80% full finger development and ripened at destination using ethylene gas. Ripening room management is critical and is a core competency of banana importers/wholesalers. Ripening protocol: pre-condition room to 57–60°F (14–16°C) overnight; introduce ethylene at 100–150 ppm for 24–48 hours; ventilate to remove CO₂; hold at 62–65°F (17–18°C) for 2–5 days to achieve desired colour stage (colour 2–3 for retail, colour 3–4 for immediate sale). The 7-stage colour chart (1=all green to 7=all yellow with brown spots) is the universal standard. Transit temperature must remain at 54–58°F (12–14°C) — chilling injury below 12°C causes permanent pulp damage, grey streaking, and failure to ripen.

Fairtrade International banana standard sets a Minimum Price (currently $0.25/kg FOB Ecuador reference) and a Fairtrade Premium of $1.00/18-kg box (conventional) or $1.50/18-kg box (organic). Certified producers must be registered Fairtrade producer organisations (cooperatives or hired labour operations meeting the Hired Labour standard). Major Fairtrade banana origins: Ecuador (AsoGuabo, UROCAL, BANANAZUL cooperatives), Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Ivory Coast. Rainforest Alliance (merged with UTZ) focuses on farm management, biodiversity, and worker welfare; does not set a minimum price. Widely adopted by major Dole, Chiquita, and Del Monte estates for supermarket supply. Organic bananas (USDA NOP/EU Organic): available from Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Peru; command 30–60% premium over conventional.

Ecuador: world's largest banana exporter by volume (~29% of global exports); Guayas, El Oro, and Los Ríos provinces; independent producers and large estates; SENASAG phytosanitary; highly competitive FOB pricing. Philippines: Asia's dominant banana exporter; Davao Region (Mindanao) dominant; Dole, Del Monte, and Sumifru major operators; primarily exports to China, Japan, and Korea. Colombia (Urabá region): historically important Fairtrade origin; significant Chiquita and Augura-certified production. Costa Rica and Guatemala: high-quality production; significant certified Fairtrade and Rainforest Alliance supply; Chiquita, Dole, and independent growers. Dominican Republic: organic banana leader; BANELINO and IDABE associations supply EU organic retailers. Cameroon and Ivory Coast: significant supply into French-speaking EU markets (Dole and La Compagnie Fruitière).